How Golf Practice Changes the Brain

Neuroscience research provides increased understanding of how behavior and specific activities change the brain.  This type of research underscores the concept of neuroplasticity--that our brains change in response to how it is used on a daily basis.

One area of research in neuroplasticity is the effect of specific cognitive and motor behavior on brain structure.  A novel study published in The Journal of Neuroscience examined the effect of golf practice on brain structure.  Bezzola and colleagues from Switzerland and Germany in this study proposed that golf practice is likely to effect the following brain regions based on their known functions:

• Dorsal stream--development of visuomotor skills
• Subcortical and cerebellar regions--motor learning
• Frontal association areas--cognitive aspects of skill development

A group of relatively novice golfers had brain scan before and after a period of 40 hours of golf practice.  This study used a real world type of design.  The golfer intervention group were directed to complete their practice under a golf instructor at their own course at their own pace.  The experimental group and control groups in this study were between the ages of 40 and 60 years of age as the goal was to examine the effect in those who were likely to begin experiencing some decline in brain cognitive function.

The brain imaging in this study was completed using magnetic resonance imaging or MRI.  This technique allows for examination of small changes in brain gray and white matter volumes.

The golf practice intervention group demonstrated significant brain volume increases in a variety of brain regions including the:

• ventral premotor cortex
• several regions in the parietal cortex including the inferior parietal cortex (area demonstrated in the attached Brain Tutor HD screen shot)
• parietal-occipital junction

The golfers in the study took up to five months to complete the 40 hours of practice.  Interestingly, those who completed their practice in the least number of days showed the greatest increase in brain volumes in at the parietal occipital junction.

The authors note their study is important because it shows brain neuroplasticity occurs not just in strictly controlled motor exercise protocols but in the real world of structured leisure activity like golf.  The note structured leisure exercise activities "may be considered an additional therapeutic setting in the process of neuro-rehabilitation.

This study also suggests middle-aged individuals have a new excuse for taking up a new physical activity like golf.  If their spouse objects to heading out to the golf course to practice, a scientific response might be: "Honey, I'm just going out to work out my brain parietal-occipital junction".

Photo of Steve Williams assisting Tiger Woods practice golf at the 2010 PGA Championship from the author's private collection.

Screen shot of the inferior parietal lobe from Brain Tutor HD iPad app.

Bezzola L, Mérillat S, Gaser C, & Jäncke L (2011). Training-induced neural plasticity in golf novices. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 31 (35), 12444-8 PMID: 21880905