Wednesday, 14 September 2011

Inherited Health Problems

From the beginning I have been interested in the role that our inheritance plays in our health tendencies.  It is obvious that inheritance plays a massive role - and this has been repeatedly validated by scientific study.

It is also obvious that eating the same foods and being exposed to the same general environment, beliefs, and lifestyle create consistent health tendencies as well.  This always leads to the infamous nature vs. nurture debate.  How much is physically inherited and how much is attributable to growing up in the same environment and living a similar lifestyle with similar dietary patterns and similar forms of intellectual stimulation?   

It is unknowable and highly individual of course.  But I have found it interesting that in RBTI, those who have eaten similar diets for many years - such as married couples, usually have strikingly similar chemistry.  Likewise, children of those parents often have very similar chemistry as well.

My first real life example of this came when visiting with a man who had some respiratory problems.  Challen told him after looking at his body chemistry, that he had emphysema and that he may have something more serious developing.  The man later informed us that his father had died of lung cancer and that both he and his father seemed to share similar health tendencies.

A far more interesting example came just a couple of nights ago here in Boulder.  Pippa and I tested eight people including a husband and wife that had strikingly similar chemistry.  The following day we tested the daughter who had almost identical chemistry to her parents, her father in particular who she has always been told she looks like the most.

I bring up this example just to show, if anything, that body chemistry is not random and meaningless.  These patterns mean something, and by changing these patterns, one can almost assuredly change the direction their health is headed in - no matter how many years or even generations a person has spent entrenched in one imbalanced pattern.

Here are 10 sets of actual "numbers."  See if you can select the family of three I talked about above, identifying the mother, father, and daughter.  Post your guesses in the comments.  I will eventually get in there and post the correct answers.  If you take a few moments to think about it you'll easily come up with the right answers. 

1)  4.2   7.4/7.6   28c   4M   8+/12
2)  5.0   6.2/6.0   18c   4M   7+/7
3)  2.1   7.6/6.2   23c   4M   7/7
4)  4.8   5.5/6.0   28c   4M   7-/9+
5)  2.5   6.6/7.2   12c   4M   7+/7
6)  2.0   7.2/6.2   18c   4M   7+/7
7)  1.8   5.8/7.0   6c     4M   2/5
8)  0.6   6.8/7.0   4c     4M   2/5
9)  4.5   5.8/6.1   29c   4M   7-/9
10) 1.1  7.4/6.2   5c     4M   6/5
   

Tuesday, 13 September 2011

Serotonin, Social Interaction and Making Decisions

The role of specific neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter circuits in decision making is being explored in a variety of ways.  Dopamine appears to have significant research support for a key role in making decisions related to reward.


The role of serotonin in decision making is less well studied but also appears to be important.  Robert Rogers, Ph.D. recently presented some of his lab's research at the Warren Frontiers in Neuroscience lecture in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  (Additionally, I have reviewed and placed a link to a recent research manuscript from Dr. Rogers related to topic below.)


Dr. Rogers noted the relationship between serotonin, depression and social function include these research findings:
  • Social isolation is a known risk factor for major depression
  • Serotonin appears important in developing nourishing social contacts
  • Social isolation found in anxiety and depression may be mediated by serotonin mechanisms
Serotonin mechanisms in human research is aided by the safe ability to modulate brain serotonin levels.  Brain serotonin can be temporarily depleted using a amino acid drink deficient in the serotonin precursor L-tryptophan.  Humans without mood or anxiety disorders show an increase in brain serotonin after a week of administration of any of commonly used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Depleting serotonin or augmenting serotonin can be combined with a variety of behavioral and brain imaging techniques.  Dr. Rogers note his lab has recently documented several findings in adult control subjects without current or past anxiety or depression:
  • Tryptophan depletion decreased measures of cooperative interaction in a resource management game known as the Prisoner's dilemma
  • Tryptophan depletion appears to impair the ability of individuals to learn from a social cooperation task
  • When working on a resource decision task, trytophan depletion changed decision-making behavior in women but not in men
  • The antidepressant citalopram reversed the decision making behavior changes found in women with tryptophan depletion
  • The brain medial prefrontal cortex is activated when individual observe the social decision-making behavior of others
  • When working in groups on a resource harvesting task, tryptophan depletion produces a tendency to revert to the mean behavior in the group, even when this results in an earlier adverse group outcome
Dr. Rogers notes that these findings support more research in clinical populations suffering from a mood or anxiety disorders.  Serotonin dysregulation found in depression and other psychiatric disorders may go hand-in-hand with deficits in initiating social interaction, impaired learning from social interaction experience and making adverse decisions in social situations.

Photo of Coopers Hawk from the author's private collection.  

Rogers RD (2011). The roles of dopamine and serotonin in decision making: evidence from pharmacological experiments in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 36 (1), 114-32 PMID: 20881944

Monday, 12 September 2011

Raw Watermelon Italian Ice

This recipe was a yummy find at Foods for Long Life.  Joanne's recipe for Raw Vegan Watermelon Italian Ice is fat free, sugar free & gluten free. It makes 8 servings at 34.6 calories each.  I have made this recipe twice now and it is absolutely DELICIOUS, not to mention super easy.  I made it for my hubby last night and we ate the entire batch. This is a dessert you can feel good about eating and feeding your family. Most adults and children love watermelon and this is a way to switch it up and serve it in an extra delicious way.  All you do to make this yummy recipe is to cube 6 cups of watermelon and put in your blender.  Add 2 packets of stevia and 1 tsp. grated lemon rind.  Blend until smooth. Pour into ice cream maker until frozen (about 15 minutes) and then serve in fun scoops. I use the Cuisinart Ice Cream Maker - which I love and use all the time. You freeze the base of the ice cream maker in the freezer and pull it out when you are ready to use it. You don't need any additional ice or salt to keep it cold! 
Okay, this Watermelon Italian Ice is super delicious!!
Click on the Food For Long Life link above to see all the health benefits of watermelon.

Friday, 9 September 2011

Brendan Brazier's 'Thrive Foods' with 200 Plant-Based Recipes for Peak Health- BOOK REVIEW!



Homestyle Lentil Patties on a Sprouted Wheat Bun (Picture by The Health Seeker's Kitchen)

Chocolate Chip-Maple Maca Ice Cream (Picture by The Health Seeker's Kitchen

I was recently asked to review Brendan Brazier's new book 'Thrive Foods' that is being released this weekend and was very excited for this opportunity.  I have read the book cover to cover and made many of the 200 plant-based recipes.  I can tell you that these recipes are easy, inexpensive, nutritious, super delicious and I highly recommend it!!!  Brendan utilizes the power of superfoods such as maca, chia, hemp, and chlorella, and avoids common allergens, such as wheat, yeast, gluten, soy, dairy, and corn.  He has some recipes from celebrated chefs (Tal Ronnen, Chad Sarno, and others) and award-winning restaurants (such as Millennium and Candle 79). I have included 3 of the recipes that I made and the ingredients for the Homestyle Lentil Burgers at the bottom of my post.  I have read a lot of books in the past on health and nutrition and created hundreds of recipes, but I actually learned a lot of new things from Brendan's book-which kept me reading word for word.

Brendan Brazier is a former professional Ironman triathlete and the creator of VEGA, an award-winning whole food line.  He is recognized as one of the world's foremost authorities on plant-based nutrition.   

In Chapter 1 you will learn about health's dependence on nutrition, reducing nutritional stress, nutrition's influence on sleep and about nutrient density in foods. In this chapter,he shows the implications of nutritional stress that results from a diet comprised of nutrient-absent foods and how it can have a profound effect on us as individuals.

Chapter 2 talks about the environmental toll of food production.  Heavy demands on the North American food system, genetic modification and widespread pesticide use have become the rule, not the exception.    There is a finite amount of each mineral in a given plot of land, the plants grown are limited by what is present in the soil.  More plants doesn't mean more nutrition because of this depletion.  If our body is not satisfied with the minerals we need-it will urge us to eat more by making us hungry, which in turn makes us gain weight.  The Standard American Diet (SAD) is a diet of lots of calories but very few micronutrients, such as minerals.  Animal agriculture is an inefficient use of land and therefore depletes the soil of minerals.  If nutrient-dense food crops were planted in place of animal feed, a population over twice the size of North America's could be fed on the highest quality of food.

Chapter 3 talks about environmental and health solutions through food. On page 74 Brendan has a section on 'The Nutrient-To-Resource Ratio: What it is and Why it Matters'.  This section will really open your eyes and is extremely interesting.  It takes into consideration both micronutrient gain and natural resource expenditure in the food production process.  It reveals how misguided our resource expenditure is in our failed attempt to nourish the country.  For example:  Almond's Nutrient-to-CO2e emissions is 1266, while Lentils are 238. Quite a difference!

Chapter 4 talks about eight key components of good nutrition. 
1.)  Alkaline-Forming Foods
2.) Antioxidants
3.) Calcium
4.) Electrolytes
5.) Essential Fats
6.) Iron
7.) Phytonutrients
8.) Raw Food

In chapter 5 it talks about the Whole Foods to Thrive Pantry Essentials. 

Chapter 6 contains the 200 plant-based recipes and concludes with a GUIDE TO NUTRIENTS. 

A few of the 200 recipes are:
Shanghai Rice Bowl ] Italian Garden Stir Fry ] Spicy Black Bean Chili ] Black Bean Chili Pizza ] Chocolate Goodness Smoothie ] Cool Coconut Orange Squares ] Banana Nut Bread ] Brendan's signature energy bars] Watermelon Lemon Granita ] Bodacious Berry Cookie Crumble ] Apple-Pear Energy Tartlets ] No-Bake Double Chocolate Chip Maca Cookies ] Nori Chips ] Salt and Vinegar Kale Chips ] Butternut Squash Soup ] Millet Bowl with Greens and Toasted Sunflower Seeds ] Thai Vibe ] Regular, Thick, and Whipped Cashew Cream ] Live Cashew Cheese Base ] Cheesy Broccoli Bowl ] Fresh Pasta Puttanesca ] Spirulina Green Millet ] Garlic Thyme Sweet Potato Oven Fries ] Arame Sesame Brown Rice

Nori Crisps (Picture by The Health Seeker's Kitchen)

You can order 'Thrive Foods' on Amazon. I know you won't be disappointed and you will love creating the recipes like I have. This book is a must have!!!
You can also enter a contest: Thrive with Vega during Emmy Week through Facebook to win a trip for two to Los Angeles to meet Brendan at the Alive! Green Expo Lounge surrounding the 63rd Annual Emmy’s [I know I am entering!]

Brendan has a Facebook fan page that has a wealth of information-including a free download of 3 more of his recipes from Thrive Foods.

You can also follow VEGA [his product] on Facebook as well.
His Vega web-site is full of information, recipes and videos.

Find him on Twitter.

Homestyle Lentil Patties
Time: 30 minutes active: 50 minutes total * Makes 4-6 servings

2-3 tbsp coconut oil, for frying
1 cup chopped onions (about 1 medium)
1 carrot, shredded
1 celery stalk, minced
1 1/2 tbsp balsamic vinegar
1 cup cooked red lentils (you need one cup that has already been cooked)
2 tbsp sunflower seeds
1/4 cup sprouted flax powder (or finely ground flaxseeds)
Sea salt and black pepper, to taste
  • In a medium frying pan, heat 1 tbsp coconut oil over medium-high heat.  Add the onions, carrot, and celery, and saute' until the onions are translucent and the vegetables are soft.  Mix in the vinegar, remove from heat, and transfer to a large bowl.
  • To the vegetable mixture, add the remaining ingredients and mix well, mashing the lentils slightly with a fork.  Adjust salt as needed.  Place in the refrigerator for 20 minutes to allow the flaxseed to help firm the mixture.  Hand-shape into 4-6 patties.
  • Heat a small amount of coconut oil in a large frying pan over low heat.  The lower the heat the better, as it will allow the patties to cook longer and get a better crust.  Place the patties on the pan carefully, and cook until brown underneath, about 10 minutes.  Flip the patties over and repeat on the other side.  Serve warm.
I used sprouted wheat buns, sprouts, tomato, onion and pickle for my delicious lentil burger. Click here for cooking lentils.

Thursday, 8 September 2011

Is Insomnia a Risk Factor for Suicide?


Sleep is known to be important for physical as well as emotional well-being.  Mood and anxiety disorders commonly present with a variety of sleep problems including initial, middle and early morning insomnia.  Although the association of mood disorders and anxiety disorders in suicide is established, the independent contribution of insomnia to suicide risk is less well studied.

Bjorngaard and colleagues recently published a results of a Norwegian study on this issue in the Journal Sleep.  Using data from the HUNT epidemiologic study, they conducted an analysis of suicide risk over a twenty year follow-up period.

Over 75,000 subjects completed baseline assessment of sleep problems as assessed by a single question: "During the last month have you had any problems falling asleep or sleep disorders?  This question had four levels of response listed below with the prevalence of endorsement in (parentheses):
  • almost every night (3%)
  • often (5%)
  • sometimes (31%)
  • never (62%)
Endorsing sleep problems almost every night or often was more common among women (10% vs 5% for men) and for those over 50 years of age (11% versus 5% for those 50 and under.

After controlling for sociodemographic variables, those respondents endorsing sleep problems almost every night had a four fold increase in risk for suicide over the follow up period.  Controlling for alcohol use and self-report of anxiety and depressive symptoms reduced the size of this effect by about 50% but did not eliminate the independent effect of sleep problems and suicide risk.

The authors noted the link between sleep problems and suicide risk appeared stronger in those younger and the index assessment.  Interestingly, the link also appeared primarily in those not taking sleeping pills or sedatives.  Individuals reporting regular use of sleeping aids did not have an association between self-reported sleep problems and suicide rates.

Physical illnesses and chronic pain increase risk for sleep problems as well as for suicide.  The study did control for presence of a long-standing medical illness, body mass index and decreased functional ability.  Of note, suicide risk was not increased for those respondents who endorsed regular use of "painkillers".

This study supports further research into the independent association of sleep problems in suicide risk.  In an accompanying editorial, Dr. W. Vaughn McCall notes the need for exploring  "physiologic/neurochemical and psychological mechanisms" for link between sleep problems and suicide risk.  Further understanding of the role of sleep apnea in this association is also needed.

New Mexico wildflowers and butterflies from author's private collection.

Bjørngaard JH, Bjerkeset O, Romundstad P, & Gunnell D (2011). Sleeping Problems and Suicide in 75,000 Norwegian Adults: A 20 Year Follow-up of the HUNT I Study. Sleep, 34 (9), 1155-9 PMID: 21886352 This post was chosen as an Editor's Selection for ResearchBlogging.org

RBTI and Junk Food


Before getting started, I must publicly declare a winner for the two combined road trips. Winner of what? Awesomeness of course. While one guy opened the door adorned in a faded Ghostbusters t-shirt – and believe me, I was impressed and thought this was unlikely to be topped – and another fed me cheesecake, housed me and Pip for an evening, and let me have a couple games of ping pong, there is no question whatsoever that the Croatian giant that I met in Chicago won handily over all the others if awesomeness is the object of the game.

I walked in the door and he had an 80’s movie cued up on the television. Before saying anything he pushed PLAY. It was an obscure 80’s film that I didn’t recognize right away. But lo and behold I had not only seen the film, but actually saw it at the movie theater as a kid. K9. While many might prefer Turner and Hooch in the crime-fighting dog category, K9 has subtle undertones of Belushi that is more appropriate to a refined 80’s palette. And it was poetic as we said goodbye and the credits were rolling. Coincidence? I think not.



On to our primary matter of business – the RBTI junk food scare…

It seems a lot of people get freaked out about some of the questionable foods being consumed as part of RBTI; version Waychoff. I get freaked out too. Margarine, soy bacon (Stripples!), and corn oil for example aren’t exactly old-world foods that human beings evolved with. We have survived quite a while as a species without them. Nor is the very clear research on such foods particularly comforting. Then again, none of those foods are mandatory requirements, so there’s no point in having such foods stand in the way of your openness to the basic guidelines of RBTI.

I joked while in Wheeling that I cleared up my margarine and HFCS deficiencies while I was up there. One day we ate sandwiches where the bread was slathered in margarine and toasted and then filled with mayo-laden salmon salad – served with canned soup containing HFCS (remineralized with blackstrap molasses of course!). Pretty funny. But at the end of the day, who the f#%$ am I to bash such foods when people are seemingly overcoming death sentences eating them? Sometimes even the great Matt Stone has to eat a slice of humble pie – and two slices if it is Marie ‘Challen’dar’s Coconut Cream pie.

But if I had to say anything definitive about refined, processed, packaged foods and the RBTI (which I don’t) – it would go a little something like this…

Refined, processed, packaged foods are much easier to digest and metabolize. Take for example the diet of a gorilla, which is based upon eating a lot of “browse” – leafy vegetation. It is estimated that the gorilla only gets 50% of the calories in browse, while the rest is wasted. Processed gorilla biscuits are very concentrated, far more palatable, and far more digestible. A gorilla will choose this every time over its natural diet (and get fat because of it) – just like a human will typically develop a distaste for simple, unseasoned, fibrous raw foods when something like a Happy Meal – practically pre-digested for maximal softness, tenderness, absorption, and digestibility (which our senses recognize as superior), is eaten on a regular basis.

With refined foods, there is a tendency to eat more, digest more, and absorb more. That may not be true for everyone, but generally this is true. And I’ve understood this all along, having first told an extremely underweight and undernourished guy to run, not walk to the nearest 7 Eleven and have doughnuts and Gatorade. Doughnuts and Gatorade are much more healing to a starving person than sauerkraut and grass fed raw meat (which was the basis of this 120-pound guy’s diet). If I was visiting a village of starving people in Africa I wouldn’t show up with chicken breasts and Brussels Sprouts, but kegs of Coca Cola and mountains of French fries and pastries.

And guess what? There are a lot of people out there – I have seen many for myself now in the 10,000 miles I have driven since May 31st of this year, who are underweight, gaunt, feeble, overexercised, and hypometabolic with radical fluctuations in sugar levels. And these are often people who are the most afraid of eating junk food – as they often got to this state by eating a puritanical diet of 100% unprocessed, unrefined foods. They heal the fastest eating food that is maximally palatable and maximally absorbable. Marie Challendar has the creation of that kind of food down to a science. For a starved person, it could very well be that the most nourishing farm on earth is Pepperidge Farm.

For everybody else? Well, I suspect the same rules apply. A lifetime of eating a lot of junk food yields a junk body. It’s not like Challen’s pets have escaped the wrath of commercial dog food because he feeds them lots of mineral-rich bones. Sure, he fixed some major health problem in his dog in the short-term, but long-term he still became lethargic, swollen in the abdomen but with skinny weak legs, food-obsessed with no ability to self-regulate his weight, and not much better off than a typical indoor pooch.

There is no mandatory requirement to eat packaged and processed food if you are someone who is overweight, pre-diabetic, etc. In fact, I would recommend you avoid that stuff almost completely – especially if you start this RBTI thing and find your waist travelling in the wrong direction. People with a tendency towards having a high refractometer reading, according to the RBTI (and I’ve heard this straight from Challen’s mouth) should be eating mostly whole foods, and shouldn’t be eating any dessert at lunch time either – but just a single piece of fruit at breakfast and no other sweets during the day other than the trace amount of sweetener in the lemonade.

And no, having perfect “numbers” is unlikely to make excesses of margarine, corn oil, and other vegetable oils found in processed foods miraculously stimulating to the metabolism. They are not.

With an acute disease, these are trifling matters. No one needs to make a big deal out of eating such foods if you are going to die of cancer in a few months if you don’t reverse your body chemistry. You can do so with corn oil, so why make a big deal over telling someone it’s not optimal? The program should be as easy as it can be while still getting the intended results. There’s no reason to fuss about it in a situation like that.

As it pertains to a lifelong pursuit of health through a quality diet, for the purpose of health maintenance – well, you figure it out for yourself. Avoiding processed food doesn’t mean that you are “not doing RBTI.”

I think the biggest mistake people are making is looking at it like an all or nothing kind of thing. It’s as if there are two extremes squaring off against one another at the moment – the people who think that whole foods are problematic and inappropriate, and those that think processed foods are problematic and inappropriate. In reality, everyone should probably eat a little bit of everything. The underweight low sugar health fanatics should have more processed foods and desserts, but still plenty of nutritious whole foods like steamed vegetables, meats, dairy products, and fruit… While those who have strong digestion and tend towards having a high sugar problem that are overly stimulated by calorie-dense junk food need to eat far less processed food and desserts and a lot more nutritious, non-pornographic, homemade fare.

Fair enough?

Having said all that – I’m getting leaner and leaner eating all this junk food and driving around in a car haha! I would have lost more I suspect if I had been eating a strict whole foods, homecooked diet and not going bonkers with dessert every day, but who knows? This health/diet/nutrition game is full of surprises. It’s best to keep an open mind. Like the WHIZard says:

“Minds are like parachutes – they only work when they are open.”



Wednesday, 7 September 2011

Neurobiology of Tourettes Syndrome

Tourette Sydrome is a neuropsychiatric, childhood-onset disorder characterized my motor tics in addition to vocal (phonic) tics.  Original estimates of the prevalence of this condition was that it was very rare.  However, it appears that many individuals with the condition has a relatively mild form of the disorder.  Including these individuals produces a prevalence rate of between .1% and 1% of the population.

Common motor tics presenting on average around ages 5 to 7 years of age include eye blinking, facial twitching, sniffing and shoulder shrugging.  The most common motor tic is throat clearing.  Outbursts of shouting profanities is commonly felt to be common in Tourette Syndrome but actually occurs in only 10% of cases.

Ryan Felling and Harvey Singer recently published an excellent overview of the neurobiology of Tourette Sydnrome in The Journal Neuroscience.  This review includes an introduction to the syndrome before examining brain circuits, animal models, structural and functional brain imaging findings.  

The authors note that brain structural and functional abnormalities in Tourette Syndrome appear diffusely located but do involve the brain stuctures related to motor control including the basal ganglia (See Brain Tutor.  There are several known neuropsychiatric conditions of the basal ganglia that produce motor abnormalities.  

Parkinson's disease is an abnormality of the basal ganglia's substantia nigra producing slowed motor movements with muscle rigidity.  Huntington's disease produces atrophy of the basal ganglia region known as the head of the caudate and is characterized by jerky, uncontrolled movements known as chorea.

The structure and functional brain imaging studies to date in Tourettes Sydrome have demonstrated a variety of effects in the basal ganglia including:
  • reduced caudate volume (smaller caudate size linked to greater tic severity)
  • enlarged putamen
  • activity in putament and caudate (and cortex) correlate with tic activity
  • decreased activity in the putamen and caudate with attempts to suppress tic
The review notes that Tourette Syndrome appears to be due to "pathololgic involvement of the cortico-striatal (putamen/caudate)-thalamo-cortico" brain circuits with dysfunction of the neurotransmitter dopamine a key contributor to disorder. 

The authors note that no effective treatment exists for Tourette Syndrome.  Interventions focus on behavioral and drug treatment with an emphasis on treating the common co-occuring disorders: OCD and ADHD.  Thankfully, symptoms often reduce in frequency and severity with age.  

The authors conclude significant additional research is needed using larger samples with better description of specific tic patterns, control for comorbid ADHD and OCD and focus on whether brain changes found in Tourette Sydrome are primary or may result from compensatory mechanism in response to tic motor behaviors. 

Interested readers can learn more about this disorder from a excellent series of discussion by patients with Tourettes Syndrome from the New York Times Patient Voices Multimedia project here

Screen Shot of Basal Ganglia Structures from Brain Tutor iPad app.

Felling RJ, & Singer HS (2011). Neurobiology of tourette syndrome: current status and need for further investigation. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 31 (35), 12387-95 PMID: 21880899